The new working paper by Barry de Vries examines how the 1925 Geneva Protocol continues to matter in an era shaped by later treaties such as the BWC and CWC, arguing that beyond its residual legal functions it retains considerable symbolic and political weight as a foundational element of the prohibition regime against chemical and biological weapons, a source of customary international law, a nearly universal baseline commitment, and a persistent reminder of the international community’s enduring abhorrence of chemical and biological warfare.

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