National implementation of the norms against biological weapons is necessary to ensure effective protections. One important aspect of this is the criminalization of violations of the prohibition. This working paper looks at the current state of criminalization on the basis of a comprehensive collection and analysis of national legislation. It finds that there are still significant gaps in many national legal systems which should be addressed or provisions that ought to be modernized. In order to best facilitate this it is important that further efforts should be made to assist in national implementation.

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